By Dr. Jarrod Sadulski, Faculty Member, Criminal Justice at American Military University
Stress in policing is a real problem. Continued exposure to traumatic incidents, such as dealing with loss of life and experiencing life-threatening incidents, contributes to high levels of psychological stress for officers, which can result in mental and physical health problems. As a result, officers must better understand how to mitigate and manage stress before it has an adverse impact on them.
[Related: Police Officers Face Cumulative PTSD]
The Impacts of Stress on Officers
The strain placed on officers throughout their career is not necessarily caused by one incident or traumatic event. Instead, strain that leads to stress occurs through years of traumatic incidents and stressful experiences, which accumulate and often lead to psychological and physical health problems. For example, officers have a higher rate of health problems such as cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease related to police stress is 1.7 times more prevalent than found in the general population (Ramey, Downing, Franke, Perkhounkova, & Alasagheirin, 2012).
An officer’s mental health can also be affected by stress. The psychological toll from experiencing ongoing trauma can lead to depression, anxiety and even suicide. For example, suicides are responsible for 13.8 percent of police officer deaths, in comparison to only 3 percent in all other occupations combined (Violanti, 2010).
[Related: Silent Suffering: Warning Signs and Steps to Prevent Police Suicide]
The toll from a career in policing doesn’t end when an officer hands in their badge. Research has revealed that the death of retired police officers occurs at a younger age than other retired, civilian employees (Brandl & Smith, 2013).
These physical and mental problems are often attributed to the ongoing trauma officers’ experience throughout their careers. Compared to civilians and even other first responders, officers are exposed to an elevated level of stress due to the responsibility of obtaining photographs of crime scenes, supporting victims, and conducting investigations in high-stress environments (Bishopp & Boots, 2014). Use-of-force situations, making arrests, and internal politics are also sources of stress for police officers.
If stress is not managed correctly, strain associated with stress can result in anger, negative reactions, and even violence. However, the effects of police strain can be mitigated if progressive steps are made to address police stress during the time it occurs in the lives of officers.
[Related: Managing Police Stress to Strengthen Relationships at Home]
The Value of Peer Support Following a Critical Incident
An effective way for officers to deal with stress is through the support of other officers. Generally, police officers are hesitant to use outside counseling services following a traumatic event (Donnelly, Valentine, & Oehme, 2015). However, they are more likely to communicate with their peers about the incident. Therefore, it is important for agencies to have strong, formal peer-support programs in place. During peer-support sessions, officers should be encouraged to discuss their role in the incident. In return, peer support officers should give supportive feedback that provides reassurances to the officer about their decisions. In addition to helping an officer process an event, peer communication is also an opportunity for a trained peer-support officer to identify whether an officer is struggling in a way that may require further intervention, either through time off or professional counseling.
[Related: Putting Experience to Work: The Value of a Formal Mentoring Program]
Having access to peer support is an essential stress management strategy that gives officers the opportunity to reflect upon the incident and share their emotions with other officers who have experienced similar trauma. Such measures can both reduce the effect of strain over time as well as promote resiliency in the lives of officers.
To be effective, peer support should follow these general guidelines:
- Be a formal program that trains officers to provide support and guidance to others.
- Peer support should be initiated immediately following a traumatic event, ideally while the officer is still on duty.
- Specify a private meeting area, away from public view, for officers involved in an incident to meet with peer-support officers. This pre-designated space could be in the station or in another building, but peer-support meetings should not be conducted on-scene.
- Peer-support meetings are conducted separately from organized agency debriefings. Peer support is designed to provide support for individual officers, not to discuss procedure or action.
In addition to informal peer-support meetings, an agency should establish a Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) program. CISM is an intervention protocol that is a formal and highly structured program that provides officers with an understanding of stress reactions, their emotions, and commonly offers further referral if help is needed.
[Related: Critical Incident Stress Management Interventions Help Heal First Responders]
Peer support plays a different role following a traumatic incident because it provides a less structured approach and focuses on officers supporting one another through communication. Peer support allows officers to share their emotions and experience with other officers who have gone through similar traumatic events.
In conclusion, it is important to recognize that stress can have serious adverse effects on police officers when it is not properly managed. Often, unresolved stressful encounters can result in strain over time, which can contribute to psychological and health problems. However, by diffusing stress immediately after an incident through peer-support measures, an officer can start the process of identifying the strain and ensuring it doesn’t overwhelm them.
About the Author: Dr. Jarrod Sadulski is an adjunct professor with American Military University. He has spent more than two years studying police stress and its influence on the lives of police officers. Sadulski has conducted a review of approximately 300 peer-reviewed scholarly articles that focused on topics associated with police stress and officer wellness. In addition, he conducted a two-year qualitative study on how successful police officers effectively manage stress throughout their law enforcement career. Each participant in Sadulski’s study reflected upon the value of peer support as an effective stress management strategy. With a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice, he continues to research effective stress management strategies for police officers to promote resiliency. In addition, Sadulski has 20 years of policing experience between both federal and local law enforcement. You can contact him at jarrod.sadulski@mycampus.apus.edu
References
Bishopp, S. A., & Boots, D. P. (2014). General strain theory, exposure to violence, and suicide ideation among police officers: A gendered approach. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42538-548. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.09.007
Brandl, S. G., & Smith, B. W. (2013). An empirical examination of retired police officers’ length of retirement and age at death: A Research Note. Police Quarterly, 16(1), 113. doi:10.1177/1098611112465611
Donnelly, E., Valentine, C., & Oehme, K. (2015). Law enforcement officers and Employee Assistance Programs. Policing, 38(2), 206. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2014- 0116
Eitle, D., & Eitle, T. M. (2016). General Strain Theory and delinquency: Extending a popular explanation to American Indian youth. Youth & Society, 48(4), 470-495.doi:10.1177/0044118X13499593
Eliason, S. (2011). Death in the line of duty: Game warden mortality in the United States, 1886-2009. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(4), 319.doi:10.1007/s12103-010-9087-x
Ramey, S., Downing, N., Franke, W., Perkhounkova, Y., & Alasagheirin, M. (2012). Relationships among stress measures, risk factors, and inflammatory biomarkers in law enforcement officers. Biological Research for Nursing, 14(1), 16-26. http://brn.sagepub.com/
Swatt, M. L., Gibson, C. L., & Piquero, N. L. (2007). Exploring the utility of general strain theory in explaining problematic alcohol consumption by police officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35596-611. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.005
Violanti, J.M., (2010). Police suicide: A national comparison with fire-fighter and military personnel. (2010). Policing, 33(2), 270. http://dx.doi.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1108/13639511011044885
Yun, I., & Lee, C. (2015). Hazardous alcohol use among South Korean police officers: Examining predictions from general strain theory. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 43194-213. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2014.08.002
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